In an article titled “The
Heretic,” Andrew Ferguson tells the story of how and why atheist Thomas
Nagel’s book Mind and Cosmos: Why the
Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False
upset materialists who believe that most of what we experience in life is an
illusion. Colors, sounds, our sense of self, free will, morals—all illusions.
We’re just “molecules in motion,” “nothing but a pack of neurons.”
While there is currently some dissent amongst materialist philosophers
and scientists over whether or not the masses ought to be told this truth about reality
(Daniel Dennett is concerned that popular knowledge of this would destroy civil
order), one thing they can all agree on is that Nagel’s view is outside the
bounds of acceptability.
What is Nagel’s heretical view? He says materialism fails to
explain the world we actually find ourselves in. From Ferguson’s article:
The neo-Darwinian materialist
account offers a picture of the world that is unrecognizable to us—a world
without color or sound, and also a world without free will or consciousness or
good and evil or selves or, when it comes to that, selflessness. “It flies in
the face of common sense,” [Nagel] says. Materialism is an explanation for a
world we don’t live in….
If the materialist, neo-Darwinian
orthodoxy contradicts common sense, then this is a mark against the orthodoxy,
not against common sense. When a chain of reasoning leads us to deny the
obvious, we should double-check the chain of reasoning before we give up on the
obvious….
[Materialism]
doesn’t plausibly explain the fundamental beliefs we rely on as we go about our
everyday business: the truth of our subjective experience, our ability to
reason, our capacity to recognize that some acts are virtuous and others
aren’t. These failures, Nagel says, aren’t just temporary gaps in our
knowledge, waiting to be filled in by new discoveries in science. On its own
terms, materialism cannot account for
brute facts. Brute facts are irreducible, and materialism, which operates by
breaking things down to their physical components, stands useless before them.
“There is little or no possibility,” he writes, “that these facts depend on
nothing but the laws of physics.”
While it's true that using the scientific method leads to useful discoveries about physical causes and effects, it doesn't follow from this that only physical objects subject to this kind of study are real. Ferguson explains the folly of making this leap in reasoning:
In a dazzling six-part tour de
force rebutting Nagel’s critics, the philosopher Edward Feser provided a good
analogy to describe the basic materialist error—the attempt to stretch
materialism from a working assumption [methodological naturalism] into a comprehensive explanation of the
world [ontological naturalism]. Feser suggests a parody of materialist reasoning: “1. Metal detectors
have had far greater success in finding coins and other metallic objects in
more places than any other method has. 2. Therefore we have good reason to
think that metal detectors can reveal to us everything that can be revealed”
about metallic objects.
But of course a metal detector only
detects the metallic content of an object; it tells us nothing about its color,
size, weight, or shape. In the same way, Feser writes, the methods of “mechanistic
science are as successful as they are in predicting and controlling natural
phenomena precisely because they focus on only those aspects of nature susceptible
to prediction and control.”
Meanwhile, they ignore everything
else. But this is a fatal weakness for a theory that aspires to be a
comprehensive picture of the world. With magnetic resonance imaging, science
can tell us which parts of my brain light up when, for example, I glimpse my
daughter’s face in a crowd; the bouncing neurons can be observed and measured.
Science cannot quantify or describe the feelings I experience when I see my
daughter. Yet the feelings are no less real than the neurons.
The point sounds more sentimental
than it is. My bouncing neurons and my feelings of love and obligation are
unquestionably bound together. But the difference between the neurons and the
feelings, the material and the mental, is a qualitative difference, a
difference in kind. And of the two, reductive materialism can capture only
one.
Read the full
article. Alvin Plantinga’s review
of Nagel’s book is worth a read, as well.
